Medical sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) to pacemakers and ICD

Medical sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) to pacemakers and ICD

Medical sources of electromagnetic interference to pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators include:

1. Electrocautery: Interference can be reduced placing the indifferent electrode as far away from the pacemaker and better still by using bipolar cautery instead of unipolar cautery.
2. Radio-frequency ablation
3. Radiation therapy
4. Electrical nerve and muscle stimulators
5. Dental instruments
6. Spinal cord and deep brain stimulators
7. Defibrillators
8. Capsule endoscopy
9. Electroconvulsive therapy
10. Magnetic resonance imaging