Medical sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) to pacemakers and ICD
Medical sources of electromagnetic interference to pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators include:
- Electrocautery: Interference can be reduced placing the indifferent electrode as far away from the pacemaker and better still by using bipolar cautery instead of unipolar cautery.
- Radio-frequency ablation
- Radiation therapy
- Electrical nerve and muscle stimulators
- Dental instruments
- Spinal cord and deep brain stimulators
- Defibrillators
- Capsule endoscopy
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- Magnetic resonance imaging