{"id":25945,"date":"2018-09-12T16:12:55","date_gmt":"2018-09-12T16:12:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/?p=25945"},"modified":"2018-09-12T16:12:55","modified_gmt":"2018-09-12T16:12:55","slug":"m-mode-echocardiogram-in-left-ventricular-dysfunction-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/m-mode-echocardiogram-in-left-ventricular-dysfunction-2\/","title":{"rendered":"M-mode echocardiogram in left ventricular dysfunction"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"color: #008000;\">M-mode echocardiogram in left ventricular dysfunction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uT0vAtnXdys\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25946\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25946\" style=\"width: 938px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25946 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/1.png\" alt=\"M-mode echocardiogram in left ventricular dysfunction\" width=\"938\" height=\"694\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25946\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">M-mode echocardiogram in left ventricular dysfunction<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>M-mode echocardiogram is commonly used to measure left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction. Ejection fraction is indicative of the left ventricular systolic function. In this case left ventricular systolic function is grossly depressed, with a left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of only 31.1%. Usually the left ventricular cavity is also significantly dilated when there is severe left ventricular dysfunction. But here it is within the normal range. IVSd: Interventricular septum, diastolic; LVIDd: Left ventricular internal diameter, diastolic; LVPWd: Left ventricular posterior wall, diastolic; IVSs: Interventricular septum, systolic; LVIDs: Left ventricular internal diameter, systolic; EDV: End diastolic volume; IVS\/LVPW: Septal to posterior wall ratio (elevated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with asymmetric septal hypertrophy); ESV: End systolic volume; FS: Fractional shortening. Here the sweep speed is 75 mm\/s.<\/p>\n<p>FS = LVIDd \u2013 LVIDs\/LVIDd \u00d7 100. This will give fractional shortening as a percentage.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Limitations of ejection fraction measurement by M-mode<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It measures ejection fraction in only one plane and does not represent global left ventricular function. The contractions of anterior and posterior walls alone are represented in this measurement. It can give erroneous values if there is regional wall motion abnormality of these two walls. Ejection fraction may be overestimated if the basal segments are contracting well while other segments are not contracting so well.\u00a0Teichholz formula which is used by the echocardiography machine to calculate the ejection fraction is currently not the best one recommended for clinical use [1]. Two dimensional and three dimensional methods are better for assessment of overall left ventricular systolic function. But very often M-mode is the only mode which is used to calculate left ventricular ejection fraction in routine echocardiography because other methods are more cumbersome.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Spherical formula for calculation of ejection fraction vs\u00a0Teichholz formula<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Spherical formula assumes that the left ventricular shape is spherical. Diastolic volume is taken as the cube of LVIDd and systolic volume as the cube of LVIDs. The difference will correspond to the stroke volume. When that is divided by the diastolic volume, we get the ejection fraction.\u00a0Teichholz formula on the other hand uses a correction factor for the difference in shape of the left ventricle from a true sphere:<\/p>\n<p>LV Volume = [7\/(2.4 + LVID)] * LVID<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>By this formula, diastolic and systolic volumes can be calculated using LVIDd and LVIDs respectively. Then the ejection fraction is calculated just like the case of the spherical formula.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">It may be noted that a failing heart tends to be more globular and the spherical formula is probably more representative.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Reference<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Chengode S. Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography.\u00a0Ann Card Anaesth. 2016 Oct; 19(Suppl 1): S26\u2013S34.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M-mode echocardiogram in left ventricular dysfunction M-mode echocardiogram is commonly used to measure left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction. Ejection fraction is indicative of the left ventricular systolic function. In this case left ventricular systolic function is grossly depressed, with a left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of only 31.1%. Usually the left ventricular cavity is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":45486,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,8],"tags":[3644,3859],"class_list":["post-25945","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-echocardiogram-library-echocardiogram-library","category-echocardiogram-library","tag-spherical-formula-for-calculation-of-ejection-fraction","tag-teichholz-formula"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>M-mode echocardiogram in left ventricular dysfunction<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"M-mode echocardiogram in left ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction 31.1%. 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