{"id":65881,"date":"2025-12-29T15:06:05","date_gmt":"2025-12-29T09:36:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/?p=65881"},"modified":"2025-12-29T15:06:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T09:36:07","slug":"a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/","title":{"rendered":"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know"},"content":{"rendered":"<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vJnW6GIpdXs?si=_OBymPeC9lsii68Z\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Assessing chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR) requires a multi-parametric approach. For residents and fellows, the challenge lies in moving beyond simple color Doppler and mastering the quantitative metrics that dictate surgical timing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following guide breaks down the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; flow metrics and quantitative assessments used in advanced echocardiography.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The Quantitative Triad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) emphasizes three primary quantitative measures to define <strong>Severe AR<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Metric<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Mild<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Moderate<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Severe<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Effective Regurgitant Orifice Area (EROA)<\/strong><\/td><td>&lt; 0.10 cm<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td>0.10 &#8211; 0.29  cm<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td>\u2265 0.30 cm<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Regurgitant Volume (RVol)<\/strong><\/td><td>&lt; 30 mL\/beat<\/td><td>30 &#8211; 59 mL\/beat<\/td><td>\u2265 60 mL\/beat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Regurgitant Fraction (RF)<\/strong><\/td><td>&lt; 30%<\/td><td>30 &#8211; 49%<\/td><td>\u2265 50%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The PISA Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) is often more difficult in AR than in Mitral Regurgitation because the flow convergence zone is frequently constrained by the LVOT walls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Formula:<\/strong> EROA = (2\u03c0r<sup>2<\/sup> x V<sub>alias<\/sub>)\/V<sub>max<\/sub><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Clinical Tip:<\/strong> Shift the baseline toward the direction of the jet (usually downward for AR) to a Nyquist limit of 30 &#8211; 40 cm\/s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Spectral Doppler Flow Metrics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While PISA provides a &#8220;snapshot,&#8221; spectral Doppler provides insight into the hemodynamics of the entire cardiac cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pressure Half-Time (PHT)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This measures the rate of pressure equalization between the aorta and the LV during diastole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Severe AR:<\/strong> &lt; 200 ms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> As the LV fills rapidly from the aorta, the pressure gradient drops quickly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Pitfall:<\/strong> PHT is highly dependent on LV compliance and systemic vascular resistance. In acute AR or patients with high LV end-diastolic pressure, the PHT will be short regardless of severity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Holodiastolic Flow Reversal (HDFR)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most specific markers for severe AR. Measure this in the <strong>proximal descending aorta<\/strong> (using the Suprasternal notch view) or the <strong>abdominal aorta<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Severe AR:<\/strong> A sustained retrograde flow throughout the entire duration of diastole.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Metric:<\/strong> An end-diastolic velocity &gt; 20 cm\/s (measured at the end of the envelope) strongly correlates with severe AR.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Structural Vena Contracta (VC)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The VC represents the narrowest portion of the jet. It is relatively independent of flow rate and driving pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Severe AR:<\/strong> &gt; 0.6 cm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Advanced Technique:<\/strong> Vena Contracta Area (VCA) using 3D echo is superior for eccentric or multiple jets where a single linear diameter might underestimate the true orifice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Volume-Flow Method (Doppler Continuity)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When PISA is non-contributory (e.g., eccentric jets), use the continuity equation to calculate RVol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Calculate Total Stroke Volume:<\/strong> SV<sub>total<\/sub> = CSA<sub>LVOT<\/sub> x VTI<sub>LVOT<\/sub><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Calculate Systemic Stroke Volume:<\/strong> SV<sub>systemic<\/sub> = CSA<sub>MV<\/sub> x VTI<sub>MV<\/sub> (assuming no MR)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Regurgitant Volume:<\/strong> RVol = SV<sub>total<\/sub> &#8211; SV<sub>systemic<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important!<\/strong><br><strong>The &#8220;Low-Flow&#8221; Caveat:<\/strong> If the LV is severely dilated or systolic function is low, traditional velocity-based metrics may underestimate severity. Always correlate flow metrics with <strong>LV dimensions<\/strong> (e.g., LVESD &gt; 50 mm or 25 mm\/m<sup>2<\/sup> ).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Summary Checklist for Fellows<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When presenting a case of advanced AR, ensure you have checked the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">[ ] <strong>Jet Width\/LVOT Ratio:<\/strong> Is it &gt;65%?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">[ ] <strong>PHT:<\/strong> Is it &lt;200 ms?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">[ ] <strong>Abdominal Aorta:<\/strong> Is there holodiastolic reversal?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">[ ] <strong>PISA EROA:<\/strong> Does it match the visual assessment?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">[ ] <strong>LV Dimensions:<\/strong> Is the ventricle remodeling in response to the volume overload?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Assessing chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR) requires a multi-parametric approach. For residents and fellows, the challenge lies in moving beyond simple color Doppler and mastering the quantitative metrics that dictate surgical timing. The following guide breaks down the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; flow metrics and quantitative assessments used in advanced echocardiography. 1. The Quantitative Triad The American Society [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":65886,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Assessing chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR) requires a multi-parametric approach. For residents and fellows, the challenge lies in moving beyond simple color Doppler and mastering the quantitative metrics that dictate surgical timing. The following guide breaks down the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; flow metrics and quantitative assessments used in advanced echocardiography. 1. The Quantitative Triad The American Society [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-29T09:36:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-29T09:36:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1213\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"headline\":\"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-29T09:36:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-29T09:36:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":514,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"General Cardiology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/\",\"name\":\"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-29T09:36:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-29T09:36:07+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg\",\"width\":1213,\"height\":675},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/\",\"name\":\"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\",\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Johnson Francis\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\"},\"description\":\"Former Professor of Cardiology, Calicut Govt. Medical Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Editor-in-Chief, BMH Medical Journal\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/author\\\/jf\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","og_description":"Assessing chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR) requires a multi-parametric approach. For residents and fellows, the challenge lies in moving beyond simple color Doppler and mastering the quantitative metrics that dictate surgical timing. The following guide breaks down the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; flow metrics and quantitative assessments used in advanced echocardiography. 1. The Quantitative Triad The American Society [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/","og_site_name":"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","article_published_time":"2025-12-29T09:36:05+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-12-29T09:36:07+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1213,"height":675,"url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Johnson Francis","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Johnson Francis","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/"},"author":{"name":"Johnson Francis","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"headline":"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know","datePublished":"2025-12-29T09:36:05+00:00","dateModified":"2025-12-29T09:36:07+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/"},"wordCount":514,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg","articleSection":["General Cardiology"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/","name":"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg","datePublished":"2025-12-29T09:36:05+00:00","dateModified":"2025-12-29T09:36:07+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/A-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-Aortic-Regurgitation-AR-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know.jpg","width":1213,"height":675},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aortic-regurgitation-ar-assessment-focusing-on-the-specific-flow-metrics-that-residents-and-fellows-need-to-know\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"A comprehensive guide to advanced Aortic Regurgitation (AR) assessment, focusing on the specific flow metrics that residents and fellows need to know"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#website","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/","name":"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec","name":"Johnson Francis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Johnson Francis"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"description":"Former Professor of Cardiology, Calicut Govt. Medical Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Editor-in-Chief, BMH Medical Journal","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/author\/jf\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65881"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":65887,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65881\/revisions\/65887"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}