{"id":66578,"date":"2026-03-31T11:37:10","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T06:07:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/?p=66578"},"modified":"2026-03-31T11:37:12","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T06:07:12","slug":"ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/","title":{"rendered":"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities"},"content":{"rendered":"<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lqfOt5LZH3M?si=sVtyvLgev5ntNDgP\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Electrolyte imbalances can profoundly affect the cardiac conduction system, leading to distinct patterns on an ECG. These changes are often the first clinical sign of life-threatening disturbances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Potassium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Potassium is the most critical electrolyte regarding ECG changes because of its role in repolarization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hyperkalemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As levels rise, the ECG typically progresses through these stages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Mild:<\/strong> Tall, &#8220;peaked&#8221; T-waves (narrow base, symmetrical).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Moderate:<\/strong> P-wave flattens and eventually disappears; PR interval prolongs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Severe:<\/strong> QRS widens, merging with the T-wave to form a <strong>&#8220;sine wave&#8221;<\/strong> pattern. This is a precursor to ventricular fibrillation or asystole.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hypokalemia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Flattened T-waves<\/strong> and ST-segment depression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Prominent U-waves<\/strong> (seen after the T-wave, best in V2\u2013V3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Prolonged QU interval<\/strong> (often mistaken for a long QT).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Increased risk of tachyarrhythmias like Torsades de Pointes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Calcium <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calcium primarily affects the duration of the <strong>ST segment<\/strong> rather than the morphology of the waves themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hypercalcemia <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Shortened QT interval.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">The ST segment is nearly absent; the T-wave begins almost immediately after the QRS complex.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">In severe cases, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0736467920303644\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0736467920303644\">J-waves<\/a> may occasionally appear. Though Osborn described the wave named after him in hypothermia, there is also a view that all <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2843811\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2843811\/\">J waves can be called Osborn waves<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hypocalcemia <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Prolonged QT interval<\/strong> (specifically due to a lengthened ST segment).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">The T-wave itself remains normal in shape, but it is &#8220;pushed&#8221; further away from the QRS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Can predispose a patient to <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5891463\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5891463\/\">Torsades de Pointes<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Magnesium <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Magnesium abnormalities often coexist with potassium and calcium issues as it is the cofactor for the enzyme transporting those ions in the kidney.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Hypomagnesemia:<\/strong> Commonly presents with a <strong>prolonged QT interval<\/strong> and flattened T-waves. Its most famous complication is <strong>Torsades de Pointes<\/strong> (polymorphic ventricular tachycardia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Hypermagnesemia:<\/strong> Rare (usually seen in renal failure). It causes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK549811\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK549811\/\">bradycardia, PR prolongation, and QRS widening<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electrolyte imbalances can profoundly affect the cardiac conduction system, leading to distinct patterns on an ECG. These changes are often the first clinical sign of life-threatening disturbances. 1. Potassium Potassium is the most critical electrolyte regarding ECG changes because of its role in repolarization. Hyperkalemia As levels rise, the ECG typically progresses through these stages: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":66580,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Electrolyte imbalances can profoundly affect the cardiac conduction system, leading to distinct patterns on an ECG. These changes are often the first clinical sign of life-threatening disturbances. 1. Potassium Potassium is the most critical electrolyte regarding ECG changes because of its role in repolarization. Hyperkalemia As levels rise, the ECG typically progresses through these stages: [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-03-31T06:07:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-31T06:07:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1207\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"headline\":\"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-31T06:07:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-31T06:07:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":294,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"General Cardiology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/\",\"name\":\"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-31T06:07:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-31T06:07:12+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg\",\"width\":1207,\"height\":675},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/\",\"name\":\"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\",\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Johnson Francis\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\"},\"description\":\"Former Professor of Cardiology, Calicut Govt. Medical Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Editor-in-Chief, BMH Medical Journal\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/author\\\/jf\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","og_description":"Electrolyte imbalances can profoundly affect the cardiac conduction system, leading to distinct patterns on an ECG. These changes are often the first clinical sign of life-threatening disturbances. 1. Potassium Potassium is the most critical electrolyte regarding ECG changes because of its role in repolarization. Hyperkalemia As levels rise, the ECG typically progresses through these stages: [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/","og_site_name":"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","article_published_time":"2026-03-31T06:07:10+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-03-31T06:07:12+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1207,"height":675,"url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Johnson Francis","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Johnson Francis","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/"},"author":{"name":"Johnson Francis","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"headline":"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities","datePublished":"2026-03-31T06:07:10+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-31T06:07:12+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/"},"wordCount":294,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg","articleSection":["General Cardiology"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/","name":"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg","datePublished":"2026-03-31T06:07:10+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-31T06:07:12+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ECG-Changes-in-Electrolyte-Abnormalities.jpg","width":1207,"height":675},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/ecg-changes-in-electrolyte-abnormalities\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"ECG Changes in Electrolyte Abnormalities"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#website","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/","name":"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec","name":"Johnson Francis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Johnson Francis"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"description":"Former Professor of Cardiology, Calicut Govt. Medical Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Editor-in-Chief, BMH Medical Journal","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/author\/jf\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66578","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66578"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66578\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66582,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66578\/revisions\/66582"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66578"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66578"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66578"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}