{"id":66733,"date":"2026-04-23T18:58:11","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T13:28:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/?p=66733"},"modified":"2026-04-23T18:58:13","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T13:28:13","slug":"valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/","title":{"rendered":"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Wqpo1flQgq4?si=5ThHmRLaNSRiwVkj\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) is a form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction where the pulmonary valve leaflets are thickened, fused, or dysplastic, impeding blood flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary artery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pathophysiology<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The narrowing of the valve increases the workload on the right ventricle. To maintain adequate cardiac output across the stenotic orifice, the RV must generate higher pressures, leading to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Concentric RV Hypertrophy:<\/strong> A compensatory mechanism to handle the pressure overload.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Post-stenotic Dilation:<\/strong> The high-velocity jet striking the wall of the pulmonary artery and the eddy currents there often causes it to dilate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Right Heart Failure:<\/strong> Eventually, the RV may fail, leading to systemic venous congestion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Clinical Presentation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most patients with mild-to-moderate PS are asymptomatic for years. Symptoms typically correlate with the severity of the obstruction:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Mild\/Moderate:<\/strong> Often incidentally discovered during a routine exam.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Severe:<\/strong> Dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and occasionally chest pain or syncope (similar to aortic stenosis).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Physical Exam Findings:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Systolic Ejection Murmur:<\/strong> A harsh crescendo-decrescendo murmur at the left upper sternal border. Longer murmur is heard in severe pulmonary stenosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Systolic Ejection Click:<\/strong> Often decreases in intensity during inspiration (a unique feature, as most right-sided sounds increase with inspiration). This phasic ejection click is closer to the first heart sound in severe pulmonary stenosis compared to mild pulmonary stenosis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Widely Split S2:<\/strong> Due to prolonged RV ejection time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Severity Classification<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK560750\/\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK560750\/\">Severity is primarily defined by the peak instantaneous gradient across the valve<\/a> measured via Doppler echocardiography:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Severity<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Peak Gradient (mmHg)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Peak Velocity (m\/s)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Mild<\/strong><\/td><td>&lt; 36<\/td><td>&lt; 3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Moderate<\/strong><\/td><td>36 &#8211; 64<\/td><td>3 &#8211; 4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Severe<\/strong><\/td><td>> 64<\/td><td>> 4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Diagnostic Evaluation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Echocardiography:<\/strong> The gold standard. It assesses valve morphology (e.g., doming, dysplasia), measures gradients, and evaluates RV function\/size.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>ECG:<\/strong> May show right axis deviation, RV hypertrophy (R > S in V1), or right atrial enlargement (P-pulmonale).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Cardiac MRI\/CT:<\/strong> Useful if echo windows are poor or to precisely quantify RV volumes and the main pulmonary artery anatomy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Chest X-ray:<\/strong> Often shows a prominent main pulmonary artery segment due to post-stenotic dilation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Management &amp; Intervention<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Management depends on the pressure gradient and the presence of symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Medical Management:<\/strong> Primarily focused on endocarditis prophylaxis (in specific cases) and monitoring.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty (BPV):<\/strong> The treatment of choice for symptomatic patients or those with a peak gradient > 50-60 mmHg. It has excellent long-term results.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Surgical Valvotomy:<\/strong> Reserved for cases where the valve is severely dysplastic, or there is associated sub-valvular or supra-valvular stenosis that a balloon cannot address.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the context of valvular pulmonary stenosis (PS), distinguishing between a classic &#8220;doming&#8221; valve and a &#8220;dysplastic&#8221; valve is critical because it directly determines whether <strong>Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty (BPV)<\/strong> will be successful. Dysplastic pulmonary valve is typically seen in Noonan syndrome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Classic Mobile Valve (Typical PS)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the most common form, often seen in isolated congenital PS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Echo Appearance:<\/strong> The leaflets are thin and flexible but fused at the commissures. During systole, the valve &#8220;domes&#8221; into the pulmonary artery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Jet Dynamics:<\/strong> You will see a narrow, high-velocity central jet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Success Rate:<\/strong> Highly amenable to BPV. The balloon effectively &#8220;cracks&#8221; the fused commissures, often resulting in a near-normal gradient post-procedure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Dysplastic Pulmonary Valve<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Commonly associated with <strong>Noonan Syndrome<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Echo Appearance:<\/strong> The leaflets are markedly thickened, irregular, and redundant. There is often very little commissural fusion; instead, the obstruction is caused by the sheer bulk of the valve tissue and a small valve annulus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Mobility:<\/strong> There is minimal to no &#8220;doming.&#8221; The leaflets move poorly and appear &#8220;rubbery.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Success Rate:<\/strong> Frequently fails BPV because there are no fused commissures to split. These patients often require surgical intervention (valvotomy or valve replacement).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Assessment &#8220;Pearls&#8221;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Subcostal View:<\/strong> This is often the best window in pediatric cases to get a clear &#8220;en face&#8221; view of the valve and the best alignment for CW Doppler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The &#8220;Infundibulum&#8221; Check:<\/strong> Always look for secondary sub-valvular hypertrophy. If the PS is severe, the RVOT (infundibulum) can become dynamically obstructed. If you see a &#8220;dagger-shaped&#8221; late-peaking spectral Doppler envelope, you are likely picking up this dynamic component.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>PR Evaluation:<\/strong> Check the degree of Pulmonary Regurgitation. If the valve is already significantly regurgitant and stenotic (a &#8220;mixed&#8221; lesion), BPV may worsen the PR to a point that is clinically poorly tolerated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Z-Scores:<\/strong> In pediatric patients, always calculate the Z-score of the pulmonary valve annulus. If the annulus is hypoplastic (Z-score &lt; -2), a balloon alone is unlikely to solve the obstruction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Associated Findings to Document<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>RV Strain:<\/strong> Look for flattening of the interventricular septum (D-shaped LV) in short-axis, indicating RV pressure overload.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR):<\/strong> Use the TR jet velocity to estimate the RV systolic pressure (RVSP = 4V<sup>2<\/sup> + RAP). In isolated PS, the RVSP will be significantly higher than the PA pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) is a form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction where the pulmonary valve leaflets are thickened, fused, or dysplastic, impeding blood flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary artery. Pathophysiology The narrowing of the valve increases the workload on the right ventricle. To maintain adequate cardiac output across the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":66740,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) is a form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction where the pulmonary valve leaflets are thickened, fused, or dysplastic, impeding blood flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary artery. Pathophysiology The narrowing of the valve increases the workload on the right ventricle. To maintain adequate cardiac output across the [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-04-23T13:28:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-23T13:28:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"headline\":\"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-23T13:28:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-23T13:28:13+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":785,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"General Cardiology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/\",\"name\":\"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-23T13:28:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-23T13:28:13+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":675},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/\",\"name\":\"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec\",\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Johnson Francis\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\"},\"description\":\"Former Professor of Cardiology, Calicut Govt. Medical Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Editor-in-Chief, BMH Medical Journal\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/professional\\\/author\\\/jf\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","og_description":"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) is a form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction where the pulmonary valve leaflets are thickened, fused, or dysplastic, impeding blood flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary artery. Pathophysiology The narrowing of the valve increases the workload on the right ventricle. To maintain adequate cardiac output across the [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/","og_site_name":"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","article_published_time":"2026-04-23T13:28:11+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-04-23T13:28:13+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":675,"url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Johnson Francis","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Johnson Francis","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/"},"author":{"name":"Johnson Francis","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"headline":"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview","datePublished":"2026-04-23T13:28:11+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-23T13:28:13+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/"},"wordCount":785,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg","articleSection":["General Cardiology"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/","name":"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg","datePublished":"2026-04-23T13:28:11+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-23T13:28:13+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Valvular-Pulmonary-Stenosis-A-Comprehensive-Overview.jpg","width":1200,"height":675},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/valvular-pulmonary-stenosis-a-comprehensive-overview\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis: A Comprehensive Overview"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#website","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/","name":"All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/#\/schema\/person\/5441d907049b914770f4bd98fb57feec","name":"Johnson Francis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Johnson Francis"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/80861b82c3f559be9e413245c5643b6c483c93495507facfe32cf96ccd8bcffd?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"description":"Former Professor of Cardiology, Calicut Govt. Medical Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Editor-in-Chief, BMH Medical Journal","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/author\/jf\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66733"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66743,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66733\/revisions\/66743"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66733"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/professional\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}