{"id":16442,"date":"2026-02-01T13:22:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-01T07:52:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/?p=16442"},"modified":"2026-02-01T13:22:29","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T07:52:29","slug":"what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/","title":{"rendered":"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio?"},"content":{"rendered":"<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Bk4apFffD8o?si=kZjbilBIkbwOB7uj\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the world of amateur radio, a <strong>ladder filter<\/strong> is a critical component used primarily in <strong>Superheterodyne receivers<\/strong> and <strong>SSB (Single Sideband) transmitters<\/strong>. Ladder filters can be made of inductance &#8211; capacitor combinations or crystal &#8211;  capacitor combinations. Crystal ladder filters have very low insertion loss due to high Q (quality factor).  Small capacitors are placed between the crystals or in parallel to ground. By changing the values of these capacitors, you can &#8220;squeeze&#8221; or &#8220;stretch&#8221; the bandwidth of the filter to suit your needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think of it as a high-precision &#8220;gatekeeper&#8221; for radio frequencies. Its job is to allow a very specific, narrow band of frequencies to pass through while aggressively blocking everything else.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How They Work<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Crystal ladder filters are constructed using a series of <strong>quartz crystals<\/strong> connected in a chain-like (ladder) configuration, often with capacitors between them to ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Selectivity:<\/strong> Because quartz crystals have a very high Q factor (quality factor), they can create an incredibly sharp &#8220;cutoff.&#8221; This prevents signals from adjacent frequencies from &#8220;bleeding&#8221; into your conversation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The &#8220;Ladder&#8221; Shape:<\/strong> The name comes from the schematic layout, where the crystals and capacitors resemble the rungs and rails of a ladder.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Primary Applications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Intermediate Frequency (IF) Filtering<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a receiver, the incoming radio signal is converted to a lower, fixed frequency called the <strong>Intermediate Frequency (IF)<\/strong>.<sup><\/sup> The ladder filter sits at this stage to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reject Interference:<\/strong> It strips away &#8220;splatter&#8221; from nearby high-power stations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Define Bandwidth:<\/strong> It determines whether you are listening to a wide signal (like AM or FM) or a very narrow one (like Morse Code\/CW).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. SSB Generation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a transmitter, a ladder filter is used to create a Single Sideband signal. It takes a Double Sideband signal and literally &#8220;chops off&#8221; the carrier and one of the sidebands, leaving only the narrow slice of frequency needed for efficient voice communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. DIY Homebrewing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hams love ladder filters because they are <strong>cost-effective<\/strong>. While professional mechanical filters can be expensive, a radio amateur can buy a bag of cheap microprocessor crystals (e.g., 4.915 MHz or 9 MHz) and build a high-performance filter for just a few dollars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Performance Characteristics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A well-designed ladder filter is measured by two main factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Shape Factor:<\/strong> How vertical the &#8220;walls&#8221; of the filter are. The steeper the walls, the better it rejects unwanted signals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Insertion Loss:<\/strong> How much the desired signal is weakened as it passes through the filter. Ideally, this should be as low as possible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Filter Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Typical Bandwidth<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Best Use Case<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>CW Filter<\/strong><\/td><td>250 Hz \u2013 500 Hz<\/td><td>Morse Code (very narrow)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SSB Filter<\/strong><\/td><td>2.1 kHz \u2013 2.8 kHz<\/td><td>Voice communication<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AM Filter<\/strong><\/td><td>6 kHz +<\/td><td>High-fidelity audio<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the world of amateur radio, a ladder filter is a critical component used primarily in Superheterodyne receivers and SSB (Single Sideband) transmitters. Ladder filters can be made of inductance &#8211; capacitor combinations or crystal &#8211; capacitor combinations. Crystal ladder filters have very low insertion loss due to high Q (quality factor). Small capacitors are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16445,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amateur-radio-ham-radio"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What are ladder filters used in amateur radio? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the world of amateur radio, a ladder filter is a critical component used primarily in Superheterodyne receivers and SSB (Single Sideband) transmitters. Ladder filters can be made of inductance &#8211; capacitor combinations or crystal &#8211; capacitor combinations. Crystal ladder filters have very low insertion loss due to high Q (quality factor). Small capacitors are [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Johnson&#039;s Techworld\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-02-01T07:52:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-01T07:52:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"676\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Johnson Francis\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027\"},\"headline\":\"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio?\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-01T07:52:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-01T07:52:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":440,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/01\\\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Amateur Radio (Ham Radio)\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/\",\"name\":\"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/01\\\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-01T07:52:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-01T07:52:29+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/01\\\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/01\\\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":676},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/\",\"name\":\"Johnson's Techworld\",\"description\":\"Johnson&#039;s Techworld\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027\",\"name\":\"Johnson Francis\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/channels4_profile.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/channels4_profile.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/channels4_profile.jpg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"Johnson Francis\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/channels4_profile.jpg\"},\"description\":\"Amateur Radio Operator VU2JO. Originally licensed as VU2JFP with Grade 1 license in 1985. Upgraded to Advanced Grade in 1988 and was allotted new callsign to VU2JO\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/@johnsonstechworld\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnsonfrancis.org\\\/techworld\\\/author\\\/jf\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld","og_description":"In the world of amateur radio, a ladder filter is a critical component used primarily in Superheterodyne receivers and SSB (Single Sideband) transmitters. Ladder filters can be made of inductance &#8211; capacitor combinations or crystal &#8211; capacitor combinations. Crystal ladder filters have very low insertion loss due to high Q (quality factor). Small capacitors are [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/","og_site_name":"Johnson&#039;s Techworld","article_published_time":"2026-02-01T07:52:28+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-02-01T07:52:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":676,"url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Johnson Francis","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Johnson Francis","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/"},"author":{"name":"Johnson Francis","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/#\/schema\/person\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027"},"headline":"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio?","datePublished":"2026-02-01T07:52:28+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-01T07:52:29+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/"},"wordCount":440,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/#\/schema\/person\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg","articleSection":["Amateur Radio (Ham Radio)"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/","name":"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg","datePublished":"2026-02-01T07:52:28+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-01T07:52:29+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio.jpg","width":1200,"height":676},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/what-are-ladder-filters-used-in-amateur-radio\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"What are ladder filters used in amateur radio?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/#website","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/","name":"Johnson's Techworld","description":"Johnson&#039;s Techworld","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/#\/schema\/person\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/#\/schema\/person\/6201c843e80ccd3578e6196b1d007027","name":"Johnson Francis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/channels4_profile.jpg","url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/channels4_profile.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/channels4_profile.jpg","width":600,"height":600,"caption":"Johnson Francis"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/channels4_profile.jpg"},"description":"Amateur Radio Operator VU2JO. Originally licensed as VU2JFP with Grade 1 license in 1985. Upgraded to Advanced Grade in 1988 and was allotted new callsign to VU2JO","sameAs":["https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@johnsonstechworld\/"],"url":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/author\/jf\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16442","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16442"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16442\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16447,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16442\/revisions\/16447"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16445"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}