{"id":18057,"date":"2026-11-07T14:57:27","date_gmt":"2026-11-07T09:27:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/?p=18057"},"modified":"2026-11-09T08:11:25","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T02:41:25","slug":"space-launch-system-sls","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/space-launch-system-sls\/","title":{"rendered":"Space Launch System (SLS)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Space Launch System (SLS)<\/strong> is a super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle designed and built for NASA.<\/sup>As the primary launch vehicle for the Artemis program, the SLS is the most powerful rocket ever successfully flown and represents America’s successor to the Space Shuttle.<\/sup>Its core purpose is to carry astronauts and cargo to the Moon in a single launch, laying the groundwork for a sustainable lunar presence and eventual human missions to Mars.<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Anatomy of the Megarocket<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The SLS is designed to be evolvable, meaning its configuration will upgrade over time to carry heavier payloads on deeper space missions.<\/sup> The initial configuration (Block 1) consists of several massive integrated elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Core Stage:<\/strong>The backbone of the rocket, standing 212 feet tall.It houses the massive liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks that fuel the main engines, along with the flight computers and avionics that guide the rocket.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • RS-25 Engines:<\/strong> Four shuttle-derived RS-25 engines are attached to the bottom of the core stage. During liftoff, these engines provide about 2 million pounds of thrust.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs):<\/strong> Two twin solid rocket boosters anchor the sides of the core stage. They provide more than 75 percent of the vehicle’s total thrust during the critical first two minutes of flight.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Upper Stage:<\/strong> The Block 1 configuration uses the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS). Powered by a single RL10 engine, the ICPS provides the crucial burst of power needed to propel the Orion spacecraft out of Earth orbit and toward the Moon.Future configurations will use the more powerful Exploration Upper Stage (EUS).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Payload:<\/strong>The primary payload for crewed missions is the Orion spacecraft<\/strong>, designed to carry up to four astronauts into deep space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \n

    Key insight:<\/strong> The SLS is unique because it is currently the only proven rocket designed with the immense power necessary to send the Orion spacecraft, astronauts, and large cargo directly to the Moon in a single mission.<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Flight History and the Artemis Program<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    The Artemis program represents NASA’s effort to establish a sustainable human presence on and around the Moon, serving as a stepping stone for future human missions to Mars.<\/sup> Following the successful uncrewed Artemis I test flight in 2022, the program is advancing through a series of increasingly complex crewed missions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Artemis Mission Roadmap<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Here are the specific goals and targeted launch timelines for the upcoming Artemis missions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Artemis II (Launched April 2026)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Goal:<\/strong>First crewed test flight of the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion spacecraft.The mission performed a 10-day circumlunar free-return trajectory (a lunar flyby without orbiting or landing), extensively testing life support and deep-space communication systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Status:<\/strong>Successfully completed in April 2026. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Artemis III (Late 2027)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Goal:<\/strong>The second crewed mission, focusing on testing lunar landers in Earth orbit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Profile:<\/strong> Originally conceived as the first lunar landing, the architecture for Artemis III was updated. The crew will launch aboard the Orion spacecraft and conduct critical rendezvous and docking tests in Earth orbit with commercially developed lunar landers\u2014such as SpaceX’s Starship HLS and Blue Origin’s Blue Moon.Astronauts will also test the new Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AxEMU) space suits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Artemis IV (Early 2028)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • Goal:<\/strong>The first crewed lunar landing of the Artemis program, and the first return of humans to the lunar surface since Apollo 17 in 1972.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Profile:<\/strong>A commercial lander (either Starship HLS or Blue Moon) will be positioned in lunar orbit ahead of time.The crew will launch aboard Orion, dock with the lander, and descend to the lunar surface to conduct scientific studies and multiple extravehicular activities (EVAs).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Artemis V (Late 2028)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • Goal:<\/strong>The second crewed lunar landing mission.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Profile:<\/strong> This mission will continue surface exploration and is expected to initiate the construction of the Artemis Base Camp\u2014a permanent, sustainable lunar habitat located near the Moon’s South Pole. From Artemis V onward, NASA intends to conduct approximately annual lunar landings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            NASA has selected two different commercial providers to develop the Human Landing Systems (HLS) that will carry Artemis astronauts from lunar orbit down to the Moon’s surface and back. SpaceX’s Starship HLS will be used first for Artemis III and IV, while Blue Origin’s Blue Moon (Mark 2) lander was selected for Artemis V to provide redundancy and competition.<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            While both are massive, reusable vehicles designed for a sustained lunar presence, their architectures, scale, and refueling strategies differ significantly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Architectural Comparison<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            1. Size and Payload Capacity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • SpaceX Starship HLS:<\/strong> Starship is a behemoth, standing roughly 50 meters tall and constructed of stainless steel. It is expected to deliver up to 100 metric tons of payload to the surface and provides a massive interior cabin volume for the crew.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Blue Origin Blue Moon (Mark 2):<\/strong>The Blue Moon lander is smaller\u2014though still much larger than the Apollo Lunar Module\u2014standing roughly 16 meters (52 feet) tall. It is designed to fit inside the 7-meter fairing of Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket. The cargo variant is capable of delivering 20 metric tons (reusable) or 30 metric tons (one-way) to the surface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              2. Propellants and Refueling Strategy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

              Both landers require orbital refueling before heading to the Moon, but their approaches differ:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • SpaceX (Methalox):<\/strong> Starship HLS uses liquid methane and liquid oxygen. SpaceX’s architecture requires multiple launches of Starship tanker variants to low Earth orbit (LEO) to fill a Starship fuel depot.The HLS lander will launch, refuel at the LEO depot, and then transit to lunar orbit (NRHO) to await the crew.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Blue Origin (Hydrolox):<\/strong>Blue Moon uses liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, powered by three BE-7 engines.Because liquid hydrogen is prone to boil-off, Blue Origin is developing advanced cryogenic fluid management systems. Their architecture utilizes a separate “Cislunar Transporter.” This transporter will be fueled in Earth orbit, travel to lunar orbit, and transfer propellant to the Blue Moon lander there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                3. Crew Access to the Surface<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • SpaceX:<\/strong> Because the crew cabin is located near the top of the 50-meter vehicle, astronauts must use an elevator system to travel down to the lunar surface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Blue Origin:<\/strong> The Blue Moon lander places the crew cabin much closer to the ground, allowing astronauts to use a more traditional ladder to descend to the surface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  The Space Launch System (SLS) is a super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle designed and built for NASA.As the primary launch vehicle for the Artemis program, the SLS is the most powerful rocket ever successfully flown and represents America’s successor to the Space Shuttle.Its core purpose is to carry astronauts and cargo to the Moon in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18472,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amateur-radio-ham-radio"],"yoast_head":"\nSpace Launch System (SLS) - Johnson's Techworld<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/space-launch-system-sls\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Space Launch System (SLS) - 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