{"id":18476,"date":"2026-11-09T07:47:56","date_gmt":"2026-11-09T02:17:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/?p=18476"},"modified":"2026-11-09T08:05:37","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T02:35:37","slug":"how-to-make-a-multi-band-cubical-quad-antenna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/how-to-make-a-multi-band-cubical-quad-antenna\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Make a Multi-Band Cubical Quad Antenna?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Building a multi-band cubical quad is a highly rewarding homebrew project that delivers excellent gain, a low angle of radiation ideal for DX on modes like FT8 or CW, and a noticeably lower noise floor compared to Yagis. A 2-element multi-band quad typically covers 20m, 17m, 15m, 12m, and 10m using a single boom, with concentric wire loops strung on the same set of spreaders. Here is a practical engineering approach to constructing one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/How-to-Make-a-Multi-Band-Cubical-Quad-Antenna-1-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/How-to-Make-a-Multi-Band-Cubical-Quad-Antenna-1-1024x578.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/How-to-Make-a-Multi-Band-Cubical-Quad-Antenna-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/How-to-Make-a-Multi-Band-Cubical-Quad-Antenna-1-767x433.jpg 767w, https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/How-to-Make-a-Multi-Band-Cubical-Quad-Antenna-1.jpg 1253w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The Geometry and Spacing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A 2-element quad consists of a Driven Element and a Reflector. Because you are building a multi-band version, all five driven element loops will share one set of spreaders, and all five reflector loops will share the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The optimum spacing between the driven element and reflector is usually between 0.12\u03bb and 0.15\u03bb. On a multi-band quad, you cannot have optimal spacing for all bands simultaneously on a fixed-length boom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Compromise Boom:<\/strong> An 8-foot (2.4-meter) boom is the standard sweet spot. This provides about 0.12\u03bb spacing on 20 meters and about 0.23\u03bb spacing on 10 meters, yielding excellent front-to-back ratios and gain across the entire high-frequency spectrum.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Element Length Calculations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A quad loop is a full-wavelength loop. The standard formulas for calculating the total wire length of the loops are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Driven Element:<\/strong> L (meters) = 306.3 \/ f (MHz)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reflector:<\/strong> L (meters) = 314 \/ f (MHz) <em>(roughly 2.5% to 3% longer than the driven element)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead of cutting the reflector to a fixed length, many builders cut it to the driven element length and leave a small gap at the bottom center to attach a <strong>tuning stub<\/strong> (a shorted length of ladder line or parallel wire). This allows you to slide a shorting bar up and down to perfectly tune the reflector for maximum front-to-back ratio on each band.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Hardware and Materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Boom:<\/strong> A 2-inch to 3-inch diameter aluminum tube, 8 feet long.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Hubs \/ Spiders:<\/strong> These are heavy-duty metal brackets mounted to each end of the boom that hold the spreaders at 135-degree angles (forming an &#8216;X&#8217; shape). Cast aluminum or heavy-gauge steel spiders are essential for durability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Spreaders:<\/strong> You will need eight spreaders (four for the driven elements, four for the reflectors). Fiberglass poles are the standard choice because they are non-conductive, flexible, and withstand UV degradation and monsoons much better than bamboo. 20-meter loops require spreaders that are approximately 13 feet (4 meters) long.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Wire:<\/strong> Hard-drawn bare copper or UV-resistant insulated copper wire (14 AWG or 12 AWG).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Feeding a Multi-Band Quad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A single, isolated full-wave wire loop usually presents a feedpoint impedance of around 100 to 120 ohms (often requiring a 4:1 balun). However, when you add a reflector spaced at ~0.12\u03bb, the feedpoint impedance drops to roughly <strong>50 to 60 ohms<\/strong>. This is highly advantageous because it allows you to direct-feed the driven elements with standard 50-ohm coax and a simple 1:1 current choke to keep RF off the shield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a multi-band configuration, you have a few options for the feedline:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Single Coax with Common Feed (Tied Together):<\/strong> You can bring all five driven loops down to a single feedpoint at the bottom of the spider. This is physically the easiest and lightest method, but the non-driven loops can interact, slightly shifting the resonant frequency and radiation pattern of the active band.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Remote Antenna Switch (Highly Recommended):<\/strong> Mount a weather-proof remote relay switch box at the boom-to-mast plate. Run a short coax jumper from each individual driven loop to the switch box, and run a single coax feedline down into the shack. This entirely isolates the loops from one another, ensuring predictable tuning and perfect SWR on all bands.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Assembly and Tuning Workflow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>String the Elements:<\/strong> Start with the 20m loop on the outermost perimeter of the spreaders. Work your way inward (17m, 15m, 12m) until you finish with the 10m loop closest to the boom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mounting:<\/strong> Assemble the antenna close to the ground (on a short test mast) pointing straight up, if space permits, so you can easily access the feedpoints and tuning stubs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tuning the Reflector:<\/strong> If you use tuning stubs on the reflectors, apply a weak local signal (or use an antenna analyzer\/VNA) and adjust the shorting bar on the stub to find the deepest null off the back of the antenna.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Check SWR:<\/strong> Check the resonant frequency of the driven elements. Because the corners of the loops are capacitive, the exact wire length might need a trim of a few centimeters to get the lowest SWR centered exactly where you operate most (e.g., the FT8 frequencies or SSB portions).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once elevated, the cubical quad is relatively immune to detuning from ground effects compared to a horizontal Yagi or Inverted V, and it is exceptionally quiet on receive, which is highly beneficial if you are fighting localized RFI on the higher bands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What about a single element multi-band cubical quad?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A single-element multi-band cubical quad is essentially a set of nested, concentric full-wave loops mounted on a single set of spreaders (a single &#8216;X&#8217; hub). Because it lacks a reflector and a boom, its characteristics and construction differ significantly from a 2-element design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here is an engineering breakdown of how a single-element multi-band quad performs and how to build one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Performance Characteristics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gain and Pattern:<\/strong> Without a reflector, you lose the unidirectional forward gain and the front-to-back ratio. A single-element quad has a bidirectional &#8220;figure-8&#8221; radiation pattern, broadside to the plane of the loops. It provides about 1 to 1.5 dB of gain over a standard half-wave dipole.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Angle of Radiation:<\/strong> It retains one of the best features of the quad family: a lower angle of radiation compared to a dipole at the exact same height. This makes it a very capable DX antenna.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Noise Floor:<\/strong> Because it remains a closed-loop system, it is much quieter than open-ended antennas (like dipoles or EFHWs). It naturally rejects precipitation static and localized man-made QRN, making it highly effective for pulling weak FT8, JTTY, or MSK144 meteor scatter signals out of the noise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Mechanical Advantages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Zero Boom:<\/strong> You only need one central spider\/hub mounted directly to your mast.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Low Wind Load:<\/strong> It requires only four fiberglass spreaders instead of eight, cutting the weight and wind surface area in half. This is highly advantageous if you are mounting it on a lighter push-up mast or using a smaller, less expensive antenna rotator.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Simpler Construction:<\/strong> Stringing the 20m, 17m, 15m, 12m, and 10m wires is much faster when you only have one flat plane to deal with.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. The Feedpoint Challenge (Impedance)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the most critical difference. While a 2-element quad brings the feedpoint impedance down to a convenient ~50 ohms, a single isolated full-wave loop in free space has a feedpoint impedance of roughly <strong>100 to 120 ohms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you try to direct-feed it with 50-ohm coax, you will see an SWR of 2:1 or higher right out of the gate. To match it properly across multiple bands, you have a few structural options:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Quarter-Wave Q-Section (The purest method):<\/strong> For each band, run a 1\/4 wavelength piece of 75-ohm coax (like RG-59 or RG-11, accounting for the velocity factor) from the loop&#8217;s feedpoint. This acts as an impedance transformer, stepping the 100+ ohms down to near 50 ohms. You can then route these Q-sections into a remote antenna switch box at the mast, running a single 50-ohm feedline down to the shack.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Using a Balun:<\/strong> You can use a 2:1 or 4:1 balun at the feedpoint, a familiar approach if you have ever fed larger, low-band full loops (like a 40m full wave). If you tie all the loops to a common feedpoint, a high-quality 2:1 current balun often provides a very workable compromise match across the bands, though some interaction between the loops is inevitable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acoustic\/Open Wire Feed:<\/strong> If the single-element quad is fixed (not on a rotator), you could feed the driven elements with 300-ohm or 450-ohm ladder line down to a balanced tuner in the shack. However, routing ladder line around a rotating mast is mechanically frustrating.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Polarization Options<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Horizontal:<\/strong> Feed the loops at the center of the bottom wire. This gives you horizontal polarization, which is standard for HF DX work.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vertical:<\/strong> Feed the loops in the center of one of the vertical side wires. This yields vertical polarization, which can lower the take-off angle even further, though it may pick up slightly more man-made electrical noise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Verdict:<\/strong> A single-element multi-band quad is a fantastic, highly efficient project. While it won&#8217;t punch through pileups like a 2-element directional beam, its low noise characteristics and low take-off angle will consistently outperform a standard wire dipole or Inverted V on the higher bands, while maintaining a very manageable physical footprint.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Building a multi-band cubical quad is a highly rewarding homebrew project that delivers excellent gain, a low angle of radiation ideal for DX on modes like FT8 or CW, and a noticeably lower noise floor compared to Yagis. A 2-element multi-band quad typically covers 20m, 17m, 15m, 12m, and 10m using a single boom, with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18478,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amateur-radio-ham-radio"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Make a Multi-Band Cubical Quad Antenna? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/johnsonfrancis.org\/techworld\/how-to-make-a-multi-band-cubical-quad-antenna\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Make a Multi-Band Cubical Quad Antenna? - Johnson&#039;s Techworld\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Building a multi-band cubical quad is a highly rewarding homebrew project that delivers excellent gain, a low angle of radiation ideal for DX on modes like FT8 or CW, and a noticeably lower noise floor compared to Yagis. 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