Author: Johnson Francis

Methods of assessment of mitral valve area by echocardiography: 2-D and 3-D planimetry, pressure half time, PISA method and continuity equation.

Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) are devices implanted for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and include pacemaker, ICD, CRT and ILR.

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is more likely in those with chronic kidney disease because of the deranged calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Coronary artery perforation is an important, rare complication of PCI. Perforations can be caused by guide wires, angioplasty balloons or rotablator burr.

Transvenous IVUS guided PCI for CTO is a novel technique in which the IVUS catheter is introduced through the cardiac vein parallel to the target artery

Cardiac complications of radiotherapy: accelerated atherosclerosis, constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, valvular and conduction abnormalities

The hallmark of rheumatic mitral stenosis is commissural fusion while there is no commissural fusion in radiation associated mitral stenosis.

Limited antegrade subintimal tracking (LAST) is technique used for crossing chronic total occlusions (CTO) with a guide wire prior to balloon angioplasty

J-CTO score for prediction of wire crossing in CTO (chronic total occlusion) of native coronary arteries in 30 minutes from multi centre CTO registy of Japan

Polygon of confluence in IVUS is confluence of left main coronary artery (LMCA), left circumflex (LCX) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery