Mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation – echocardiogram Echocardiogram in apical four chamber view demonstrates prolapse of both anterior and posterior mitral leaflets. The central part of the leaflets
Doppler echocardiography in aortic stenosis AV Vmax: peak aortic velocity; AV Vmean: mean aortic velocity; AV maxPG: peak aortic gradient; AV mean PG: mean aortic gradient; AV VTI:
M-mode echocardiogram of aorta and left atrium M-mode echocardiogram at aorta-left atrium level showing the movements of aortic walls (anterior and posterior) and aortic valve opening and closing
Impulse of left ventricular ejection Impulse of left ventricular ejection is the rate of change of central arterial pressure with respect to time (dP/dt). In cases with aortic
Types of aortic regurgitation (AR) based on mechanism Type 1: Normal valve cusps with incomplete coaptation due to aortic root dilatation and a central regurgitant jet. – Any
Shock index and modified shock index for prediction of myocardial damage and clinical outcome of STEMI Shock index is the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure
Shock index and pediatric specific shock index Shock index is a simple bedside measure introduced by Allgower and associates [1] as early as 1967. Shock index is the
Neprilysin is a neutral endopeptidase involved in the degradation of natriuretic peptides (A, B and C), bradykinin, adrenomedullin and other vasoactive peptides. Combining neprilysin inhibitor with angiotensin converting
In ARNI (Angiotensin receptor blocker+ neprilysin inhibitor), why is ARB (Angiotensin receptor blocker) combined with the neprilysin inhibitor? To be exact, what is the disadvantage of giving neprilysin
Guideline recommended treatment for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming a well recognized entity, occurring more often in
