Intracardiac Echocardiography (ICE) is a highly specialized, invasive ultrasound modality that provides real-time, high-resolution imaging from inside the heart chambers. While transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has long been the
Asplenia and polysplenia syndromes represent the two primary phenotypic expressions of heterotaxy (situs ambiguus), resulting from a failure to establish normal left-right asymmetry during embryonic development. In clinical
An atrial septostomy is an interventional or surgical procedure used to create or enlarge an opening in the interatrial septum, establishing a controlled right-to-left (or bidirectional) shunt. Depending
Measuring cardiac output (CO) is a cornerstone of hemodynamic monitoring, moving historically from highly invasive gold standards to modern, non-invasive digital approximations. The primary clinical modalities are categorized
Historically designated as the “forgotten valve,” the tricuspid valve (TV) has undergone a major clinical paradigm shift. Driven by advances in multimodality imaging and transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER),
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases encountered in adulthood. While frequently asymptomatic during childhood, its long-term hemodynamic consequences demand precise anatomical
Managing coronary bifurcation lesions (CBLs) requires balancing side-branch (SB) protection, stent optimization, and long-term vessel patency. Because plaque or carina shifts during main vessel (MV) expansion can jeopardize
The coronary no-reflow phenomenon is a clinical condition characterized by inadequate myocardial perfusion through a given segment of the coronary circulation without evidence of mechanical obstruction in the
Interventions for Saphenous Vein Grafts (SVG) remain a high-risk subset of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to the unique pathophysiology of graft degeneration. Unlike native vessel atherosclerosis, SVG
Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) continues to evolve as a sophisticated “best of both worlds” strategy for multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD). By combining the gold-standard durability of a
