Category: General Cardiology

LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction have been reported in Ebstein's anomaly, presumably due to LV fibrosis due to arterial oxygen desaturation.

Causes of aortic stenosis include bicuspid aortic valve, degenerative, rheumatic, familial hypercholesterolemia and ochronosis.

Obligatory right to left shunt at the atrial level Abstract: Obligatory right to left shunt at the atrial level occurs in tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum and

Coronary sinus atresia is usually a congenital anomaly. Sometimes it is acquired, due to an AV fistula involving the middle cardiac vein which becomes grossly enlarged and impinges

Stroke is more likely because of the potential for R > L shunt in strain phase in PFO. In ASD the shunt is left to right and

S3 can occur in MR without left ventricular dysfunction while presence of S3 in AR indicates left ventricular dysfunction.

Cardiovascular contraindications to pregnancy include severe PAH, obstructive valvular lesions, cyanotic CHD and Marfan syndrome with dilated aorta.

Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening situation in which fluid within the pericardial cavity compresses the heart preventing its filling during diastole.

Calcified patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) produces an inverted Y shaped pattern of calcification on x-ray chest PA view.

Heparin antidote is protamine sulphate. It is used when quick reversal of action of heparin is needed as in case of bleeding or after an open heart surgery.