Category: General Cardiology

Signs and symptoms of heart failure with ejection fraction > 50%, and diastolic dysfunction constitutes the group of heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HNEF).

Myocardial postconditioning : RISK (reperfusion injury salvage kinase) pathway producing upregulation of prosurvival kinases is thought to mediate it.

Antiplatelet drug resistance: Females, those with metabolic syndrome and high triglyceride levels are known to have higher clopidogrel resistance.

Using nitroglycerine, especially for suspected anterior wall infarction is useful in excluding vasospastic angina.

WHO/AHA criteria for acute myocardial infarction, 1950: cardiac pain > 30 min, ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads, rise and fall of biomarkers.

Mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Mechanism of pulmonary hypertension in kyphoscoliosis: pulmonary vasoconstriction due to hypoxemia and poor development of pulmonary vasculature.

The various positions of ventricular septal defects in double outlet right ventricle are: Subaortic, subpulmonary, doubly committed, remote or no VSD.

Myocardial glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may be linked to dilated cardiomyopathy.

Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy is characterised by left ventricular (LV) apical ballooning and normal coronary arteries.