Drug-eluting balloons (DEB), often referred to as drug-coated balloons (DCB), represent a specialized angioplasty technology designed to deliver anti-proliferative medication directly to the arterial wall without the need
Functional Mitral Regurgitation (FMR), or secondary MR, represents a complex interplay where the mitral valve is a “physiologic bystander” to underlying left ventricular (LV) or atrial pathology. Unlike
Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) is the current gold standard for the physiological assessment of coronary artery stenosis. It is defined as the ratio of maximum blood flow in
Acute Rheumatic Fever remains a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity, particularly in developing regions. It is an autoimmune multisystem inflammatory response following a Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis, mediated
Conotruncal anomalies are a group of congenital heart defects characterized by the abnormal development of the embryonic cardiac outflow tracts, specifically the conus arteriosus (infundibulum) and the truncus
In the current clinical landscape, cardiac transplantation remains the definitive “gold standard” for end-stage heart failure (Stage D), yet the field is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by
Tricuspid Stenosis (TS) is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the tricuspid valve orifice, which creates a mechanical obstruction to blood flow from the right
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is a clinical and hemodynamic syndrome resulting from impaired RV filling or ejection, often leading to systemic venous congestion and low cardiac output. Contemporary
The management of asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) has undergone a paradigm shift. While “watchful waiting” was the historical standard, recent clinical trials (RECOVERY and AVATAR) have pushed
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has solidified its position as the “gold standard” for non-invasive assessment of cardiac structure and function. Currently, the field has moved beyond simple volumetric
