Category: Cardiology

Cardiac Output, Cardiac Power Output and Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring

A study published in Nature Medicine evaluated the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease attributable to sugar sweetened beverages in 184 countries [1]. The study incorporated

Some of the important types of artefacts seen during echocardiography are attenuation artefacts, also known as acoustic shadowing, sidelobe artefacts, reverberation artefacts and multiple reflection artefacts. Attenuation artefacts

Most of the time ventricular ectopics are quite benign, especially if there is no associated structural heart disease. Occasionally they can be dangerous, mainly if associated with structural

Most common method of assessment of pulmonary hypertension by Doppler echocardiography is by using: A: Forward velocity across the tricuspid valve B: Reverse velocity across the tricuspid valve

Bernoulli equation for calculation of pressure gradient by Doppler echocardiography is: A: P=2V2 B: P=3V2 C: P=4V2 D: P=4V3 Correct answer: C: P=4V2 Original Bernoulli equation is a

Relation of Nyquist limit to Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): A. Nyquist limit is half the pulse repetition frequency B. Nyquist limit is twice the pulse repetition frequency C.

The ultrasound reflected from red blood cells moving away from the transducer has: A. Higher frequency and is colour coded red B. Higher frequency and colour coded blue

In harmonic imaging, if the frequency of ultrasound transmitted is 2.5 MHz, reception is on: A. 4 MHz B. 5 MHz C. 6 MHz D. 7 MHz Correct

Doppler echocardiography is best done with the ultrasound beam: A. Parallel to the direction of blood flow B. Perpendicular to the direction of blood flow C. At an