Evaluating a patient immediately after Balloon Mitral Valvotomy (BMV/PTMC) is one of the more hemodynamically complex scenarios in the echo lab. Because the procedure abruptly alters valve geometry,
The clinical significance of Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) has evolved dramatically. Once viewed merely as a concerning electrocardiographic abnormality, it is now recognized as a primary driver
Both septal bounce and septal shudder are hallmark echocardiographic findings of constrictive pericarditis (CP). While they look slightly different on an echo, they are driven by the exact
Paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum (IVS) occurs when the septum moves away from the left ventricular (LV) free wall during systole, disrupting the normal, coordinated inward contraction
In clinical medicine and physiology, the term “aldosterone escape” is notoriously confusing because it refers to two entirely distinct phenomena depending on the context. To clarify the pathophysiology,
A myocardial bridge is a congenital anomaly where a segment of an epicardial coronary artery—most commonly the mid-left anterior descending (LAD) artery—dips into the myocardium and runs under
Left atrial abnormality (LAA) is the most accurate and guideline-preferred terminology. The 2009 AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram explicitly favor “abnormality” over “enlargement,”
The cornerstone of managing hypertriglyceridemia is targeting hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis and upregulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. For patients with persistently elevated triglycerides (>150
Coronary angiography relies on fluoroscopy, which projects a complex, dynamic, three-dimensional anatomical structure onto a two-dimensional plane. Because of this dimensional loss, relying on a single view inevitably
Here is a step-by-step breakdown of a Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or Coronary Angioplasty. It is used to remove major blocks in the coronary arteries, mostly for symptom
