Category: Cardiology

Dobutamine stress echocardiography is used as a pharmacological stress test when treadmill stress test is not feasible.

Gap junctions provide cell to cell coupling. Changes in distribution and expression of gap junctions is known as gap junction remodeling.

Functional SYNTAX score is calculated using data from coronary angiography and fractional flow reserve (FFR).

Intracardiac echocardiography allows excellent resolution images as high frequency transducers can be used in close proximity to structures being imaged.

Stentless bioprosthetic valves do not have supporting framework so that they can have a higher effective valve orifice area.

Balloon atrial septostomy is classic bail out procedure for the deeply cyanosed and acidotic newborn with d-TGA and poor admixture.

Prosthetic heart valves used for replacement of diseased valves can be either mechanical prosthesis or tissue valves.

Each P wave is preceded by a sharp pacing spike, indicating atrial pacing with regular pacing and capture. P wave morphology is different from sinus rhythm.

ECG settings: Usual recording paper speed is 25 mm/s and voltage (Y-axis) calibration is 1 cm to 1 mV. Higher speed recordings when needed.

P2Y12 antagonists can be classified into three generations depending whether they are reversible or irreversible inhibitors.