Category: Cardiology

In 1873 Kussmaul reported that in patients with constrictive pericarditis, the expected inspiratory collapse of neck veins was replaced by increased inspiratory distension.

Atrial scarring and arrhythmias following an atrial based repair of TGAs is an important concern which made arterial switch as the better choice.

TGA is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease at birth.

Adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot can develop ventricular tachyarrhythmias and die suddenly. They are prone for VT and AF/AFL.

AR in operated tetralogy of Fallot due to: dilatation of aortic root, lack of support due to subaortic VSD, valvular deformation due to retraction of surgical patch.

Special problems in cyanotic CHD with natural survival to adulthood: hemoptysis, cerebral abscess, endocarditis, AF/AFL or thromboembolic episodes.

Structure of the right ventricle is not meant to be a systemic pump. It is meant to be a low pressure generating pump for the pulmonary circulation.

Congenital heart disease which require intervention in adults: ASD, valvar AS, coarctation of aorta, valvar PS, PDA and VSD in that order.

Various milestones in surgery for congenital heart diseases are mentioned.

Sequelae of congenital heart diseases in the adult: arrhythmias related to scars and myocardial dysfunction, valvular disease,  persistent shunts, pulmonary or systemic vascular disease etc.