All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

Dilated pulmonary arteries in TOF with absent pulmonary valve are intramediastinal only. Hence RPA and LPA dilatation may not be seen on chest X-ray.

The classical chest x-ray finding in TAPVC (total anomalous pulmonary venous connection) is “snow man in snow storm appearance”

Compression of vertical vein in TAPVC as it passes between the pulmonary artery with high pressure and the left bronchus is known as hemodynamic vise.

Mechanism of phasic ejection click in valvar pulmonary stenosis is due to late diastolic pre opening of pulmonary valve in inspiration.

Atrial flutter can be classified into isthmus dependent and non-isthmus dependent.

The early diastolic pulmonary regurgitation (PR) gradient (peak PR gradient) will give an estimate of pulmonary artery mean pressure.

Catch 22 syndrome or 22q11 deletion is likely if there are dysmorphic features and arterial anomalies in TOF like right aortic arch and PA branch stenosis.

Reynolds number: Re = (V x d x rho) / eta. When Reynolds number is above 2000, flow becomes turbulent. When viscosity increases, Reynolds number decreases.

Continuous murmur is a murmur which starts in systole and continues uninterruptedly through the second heart sound into part or whole of diastole.

Prominent systolic murmur with severe cyanosis is in favour of DORV than Tetralogy of Fallot. Prominent left parasternal heave is more likely in DORV.