The cornerstone of managing hypertriglyceridemia is targeting hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis and upregulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. For patients with persistently elevated triglycerides (>150
Coronary angiography relies on fluoroscopy, which projects a complex, dynamic, three-dimensional anatomical structure onto a two-dimensional plane. Because of this dimensional loss, relying on a single view inevitably
Here is a step-by-step breakdown of a Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or Coronary Angioplasty. It is used to remove major blocks in the coronary arteries, mostly for symptom
As per current major societal guidelines, ICD implantation is generally contraindicated (Class III) in clinical scenarios where the arrhythmic risk is transient, reversible, or curable, or when survival
Lead aVR has historically been dubbed the “forgotten lead” in electrocardiography. Because it looks at the heart from the right shoulder, all major depolarization vectors move away from
The presternal region is notoriously prone to aberrant scar remodeling following a median sternotomy. It is a common clinical trajectory for a wound to appear well-approximated and flat
What patients typically perceive as a “missed beat” is rarely an actual dropped electrical cycle (like in a high-degree AV block). Most often, the sensation is the compensatory
The Valsalva maneuver remains one of the most elegant, non-invasive bedside tools in our clinical arsenal. Because it produces a predictable, four-phase sequence of hemodynamic changes, it allows
Echocardiography is the first-line non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While right heart catheterization (RHC) remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, an echocardiogram
While the historical standard was a blind subxiphoid approach, the modern standard of care relies heavily on 2D echocardiography. The paradigm has shifted to a “point of maximal
