Diagnostic tests for carcinoid syndrome Carcinoid syndrome is usually a manifestation of metastatic carcinoid tumor. This is because the liver acts as a first filter metabolizing hormones secreted
PFO detection by saline contrast echocardiography Patent foramen ovale can cause paradoxical embolism and stroke. Hence in every case of stroke, it is necessary to look for a
Associations of patent foramen ovale (PFO) Associations of patent foramen ovale: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a small defect in the inter atrial septum in the region of
Atrial septal aneurysm Atrial septal aneurysm is an aneurysmal portion in the region of the fossa ovalis with a diameter of least 1.5 cm and having movement amplitude
Valsalva maneuvers in daily life Valsalva maneuvers in daily life include: Coughing Sneezing Squatting Defecation Micturition These Valsalva maneuvers in daily life can produce transient right to left
Pulmonary edema due to beta agonist used as tocolytic Beta agonist given as a tocolytic to prevent premature labour can rarely cause pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema with use
Submitral aneurysm Submitral aneurysm is a bulge through a congenital defect in the posterior portion of the mitral annulus. The aneurysm can interfere with the proper closure of
Higher risk of AF with CKD linked to fibroblast growth factor 23 Fibroblast growth factor 23 and AF (atrial fibrillation): Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is hormone derived from
Benefit of discontinuing smokeless tobacco after myocardial infarction A study by Gabriel et al [1] evaluated whether discontinuation of smokeless tobacco has any mortality benefit after a myocardial
Familial hypercholesterolemia Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant disorder and should be suspected when the total cholesterol levels are above 300 mg/dL in adults and above 250 mg/dL
