Pulmonary angiography Pulmonary angiography can be done by introducing a guidewire initially followed by a modified pigtail catheter like Grollman catheter, under fluoroscopic guidance. Grollman catheter has a
Role of beta blockers in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) Beta blockers are the mainstay of medical treatment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with or without obstruction. They reduce the dynamic
What is Chatterjee phenomenon? Chatterjee phenomenon is post pacing T wave inversion. In the original article by Kanu Chatterjee and associates [1] they found significant ST depression and
What are the important biomarkers for myocardial fibrosis? Soluble ST2 receptor and Galectin-3 are important biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis. Reference Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J,
Fontaine classification for peripheral arterial disease In Fontaine classification [1,2], Stage I is asymptomatic with incomplete vascular obstruction. Stage II is with mild claudication which is divided into
What is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries? Kawasaki disease is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and valvular heart disease with AF Subgroup analysis of certain clinical trials support the use of rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran and edoxaban in
What are the statin adverse effects with confirmed causality? Statin adverse effects with confirmed causality, though rare are: a) Myalgia/myopathy b) Temporary elevation of alanine aminotransferase c) New
In what conditions are descending aortic flow reversal seen on Doppler echo? Descending aortic flow reversal can be noted in aortic regurgitation, rupture of sinus of Valsalva into
What is the Effect of venoarterial ECMO on LV afterload? Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or VA-ECMO increases left ventricular afterload. VA-ECMO is used as a mechanical circulatory support
