Category: Cardiology

Patent foramen ovale is a valvular opening in the region of fossa ovalis of interatrial septum, remains closed due to higher pressure on left atrial side.

Though life threatening cardiac arrhythmias are the most important adverse effects seen with digitoxicity, the most common ones are anorexia and nausea.

Loeffler endocarditis was described by Wilhelm Loffler in 1936

Coronary aneurysms can be defined as localized dilatation of the coronary artery of more than 1.5 times compared to the adjacent coronary segment.

Coronary aneurysm associated can be associated with drug eluting stents (DES) as a long term sequelae of positive remodeling of the vessel wall.

Newer anti anginal drugs: ranolazine inhibits late sodium current, trimetazidine inhibits beta oxidation of fatty acids, nicorandil dilates coronary resistance vessels.

Myocardial oxygen consumption is the oxygen consumed by heart muscle and the determinants are intramyocardial wall tension, contractility and heart rate.

6 minute walk test is a simple test to estimate the functional capacity in patients who cannot perform a conventional exercise test like treadmill test.

ATP test is done to decide whether patients with syncope of unknown origin will benefit from cardiac pacing.

Discrete membranous sub aortic stenosis can be treated by transluminal balloon tearing of the membrane instead of open surgical resection.