Inappropriate shocks in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Inappropriate shocks in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Inappropriate defibrillator shocks are one of the commonest problems faced by a person implanted with an ICD. It produces psychological problems and affects quality of life in many ICD recipients. Inappropriate shocks are shocks delivered for rhythms other than ventricular fibrillation and sustained ventricular tachycardia. Most common cause of inappropriate shocks are supraventricular arrhythmias including supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and even sinus tachycardia. Myopotential oversensing and T wave oversensing are other two important causes.

Lead fracture and device malfunction can also cause inappropriate shocks. Electromagnetic interferences from sources within and outside the hospital are also an important cause of inappropriate shocks. The actual cause in a given case can often be ascertained by ICD interrogation and retrieval of the rhythm prior to the shock which has culminated in the delivery of a shock. Myopotentials can be reproduced by various manoeuvres like isometric hand grip, Valsalva manoeuvre and pushing against a wall with the outstretched hands.

Reprogramming the sensitivity and detection algorithms are often helpful in removing interferences due to myopotential oversensing and T wave oversensing. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is an option in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Lead fracture can be detected by image intensifier fluoroscopy and also indicated by an increase in lead impedance on interrogation.

Fractured lead needs replacement to prevent inappropriate therapy due to noise detected at the fracture site as well as to deliver effective appropriate therapy when needed. Most of the electromagnetic interferences can be prevented by proper precautions in and out of the hospital.