What is the commonest sustained arrhythmia in HCM? Commonest sustained arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation (AF) can occur in about 1/5th of cases of hypertrophic
High risk features in the history of a syncopal event Some features in history of syncope indicating a high risk of cardiac origin are: Associated with new onset
Important risk factors for aortic dissection Most common risk factor for aortic dissection in the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD) was hypertension. Hypertension was noted in
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? In paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, patient wakes up with breathlessness and sits up or even stands. It is relieved over a few minutes. Paroxysmal
Which is the most commonly monitored ECG lead? Lead II is used for continuous monitoring because it gives a good P wave and a reasonable QRS complex for
What is Aliasing in Doppler Echo? Aliasing occurs when the velocity being interrogated by Doppler echocardiography is above the Nyquist limit. Continuous wave Doppler recording showing aortic regurgitation
What is Ebstein’s anomaly? Ebstein’s anomaly is characterised by the distal displacement of the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve. The anterior leaflet is not displaced
What are the features of Williams syndrome? Williams syndrome is characterised by supravalvar aortic stenosis, elfin facies and hypercalcemia. Learning disability is often associated. Peripheral pulmonary stenosis is
Aerobic training Aerobic exercises are those which stress the oxygen transport system while resistance exercises stress the musculoskeletal system. Target heart rate for aerobic training is 70 percent
Digoxin amiodarone interaction Important drugs which can increase the levels of digoxin are quinidine, verapamil, amiodarone and dronedarone [1]. The dose of digoxin should be halved with concomitant
