All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

Each P wave is preceded by a sharp pacing spike, indicating atrial pacing with regular pacing and capture. P wave morphology is different from sinus rhythm.

ECG settings: Usual recording paper speed is 25 mm/s and voltage (Y-axis) calibration is 1 cm to 1 mV. Higher speed recordings when needed.

P2Y12 antagonists can be classified into three generations depending whether they are reversible or irreversible inhibitors.

Cardiac involvement in Costello syndrome: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular pulmonary stenosis, atrial arrhythmias (chaotic atrial rhythm/ MAT or EAT).

Hallmark of cardiac amyloidosis is thickening of ventricular walls seen on echocardiography without corresponding higher voltages on electrocardiography.

Clopidogrel resistance: poor metabolizers do not effectively convert it into active form because of low CYP2C19 activity causing a reduced effectiveness.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the receptor for low density lipoprotein (LDL).

SYNTAX score is a scoring system for coronary lesions based on the online calculator available at www.syntaxscore.com.

Fondaparinux is a synthetic polysaccharide which is an indirect, selective factor Xa inhibitor.

Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures from tissue Doppler data can be obtained from the correlations obtained from previous comparisons with cath