All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

ECG showing P mitrale and right ventricular hypertrophy

Mitral gradient by CW Doppler in mitral stenosis demonstrating the maximum gradient (Max PG) of 31 mm Hg and mean gradient (Mean PG) of 18 mm Hg.

M-mode echocardiogram in mitral stenosis showing the flat EF slope and paradoxical motion of posterior mitral leaflet.

Both costophrenic angles are obliterated indicating bilateral pleural effusion. The level of the effusion is higher on the right side.

Study showed association between atrial undersensing and use of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.

The predictors of interruption of antiplatelet therapy were renal impairment, history of prior major hemorrhage and peripheral arterial disease.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established mode of therapy for severe heart failure and produces reverse remodeling of the left ventricle.

Defibrillation electrodes should be placed on bare chest with electrode marked as sternum in R infraclavicular region and electrode marked as apex in inferolateral L chest.

Biphasic and monophasic waveforms have been used for defibrillation. Older defibrillators deliver monophasic waveforms while newer ones deliver biphasic waveform.

ECG demonstrating 2:1 AV block and right ventricular hypertrophy.