Localization of an accessory pathway (AP) relies on analyzing the initial 20–40 milliseconds of the QRS complex — the delta wave. Because this initial deflection represents purely pre-excited
Echocardiographic evaluation is the cornerstone for diagnosing constrictive pericarditis (CP). The fundamental pathophysiology of constriction involves a rigid, non-compliant pericardium that limits total cardiac volume, leading to exaggerated
When a patient presents with a regular or irregular tachycardia and a narrow QRS complex (less than 120 milliseconds), it tells us that ventricular depolarization is occurring via
Arrhythmias represent the leading cause of morbidity, unplanned hospitalization, and death in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). Managing them requires shifting focus from simple rate or rhythm
Secondary hypertension refers to an elevated blood pressure caused by an underlying, identifiable, and potentially reversible condition. While long thought to affect only 5% to 10% of patients,
Intracardiac Echocardiography (ICE) is a highly specialized, invasive ultrasound modality that provides real-time, high-resolution imaging from inside the heart chambers. While transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has long been the
Asplenia and polysplenia syndromes represent the two primary phenotypic expressions of heterotaxy (situs ambiguus), resulting from a failure to establish normal left-right asymmetry during embryonic development. In clinical
An atrial septostomy is an interventional or surgical procedure used to create or enlarge an opening in the interatrial septum, establishing a controlled right-to-left (or bidirectional) shunt. Depending
Measuring cardiac output (CO) is a cornerstone of hemodynamic monitoring, moving historically from highly invasive gold standards to modern, non-invasive digital approximations. The primary clinical modalities are categorized
Historically designated as the “forgotten valve,” the tricuspid valve (TV) has undergone a major clinical paradigm shift. Driven by advances in multimodality imaging and transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER),
