Aquatic or underwater treadmill exercise is gaining popularity as a means of exercise training in persons with osteoarthritis who cannot exercise on a land treadmill.
H2FPEF score H2FPEF score is a simple scoring system using clinical characteristics and echocardiography for differentiation of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) from noncardiac causes of
Phenogroups in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction Clustering analysis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has been used to define three distinct phenogroups by Shah
Obesity and Low BNP B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) are often estimated in patients presenting with breathlessness to look for evidence of heart failure.
Transpulmonary gradient and diastolic pressure gradient Transpulmonary gradient (TPG) is defined as the difference between the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and the left atrial pressure, which is usually
Annulus paradoxus and annulus reversus on tissue Doppler in constrictive pericarditis Annulus paradoxus The term “annulus paradoxus” was proposed by Ha JW et al to indicate the inverse
Estimation of PCWP from E/E’ on Tissue Doppler Imaging Conventionally, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is measured using a catheter in the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure
Elevated prosthetic valve gradients Elevated gradients across prosthetic valves can occur due to various reasons. But before declaring that prosthetic valve gradients are elevated, the usual gradient across
Low gradient severe mitral stenosis Low gradient severe mitral stenosis has been defined as mean transmitral gradient <10 mm Hg in patients with mitral valve area ≤1.5 cm2 [1].
Valvuloarterial impedance (Zva): Global left ventricular afterload in aortic stenosis Valvuloarterial impedance (Zva) is an echocardiographic measure of global left ventricular afterload in aortic stenosis [1]. It accounts