LAO (left anterior oblique) 40 degrees with 40 degrees cranial angulation is known as hepato clavicular view. It is used to profile inlet ventricular septal defects.
Chordal preservation is important in maintaining LV function after surgery. Severe calcification and subvalvar fibrosis make chordal preservation during surgery difficult.
Drug eluting stents have stent struts, polymer used to anchor the drug and the drug itself. Polymer coating of the drug eluting stent (DES) reduces the expandability of
Coronary angiography prior to surgery for valvular heart disease is considered for those 40 years and above (35 years when there are coronary risk factors).
Obligatory right to left shunt at the atrial level Abstract: Obligatory right to left shunt at the atrial level occurs in tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum and
Coronary sinus atresia is usually a congenital anomaly. Sometimes it is acquired, due to an AV fistula involving the middle cardiac vein which becomes grossly enlarged and impinges
Concertina effect in WPW syndrome is varying QRS width in WPW syndrome due to varying degrees of pre-excitation. More the pre-excitation, shorter the PR and wider the QRS.