All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

Balloon atrial septostomy is classic bail out procedure for the deeply cyanosed and acidotic newborn with d-TGA and poor admixture.

Prosthetic heart valves used for replacement of diseased valves can be either mechanical prosthesis or tissue valves.

Each P wave is preceded by a sharp pacing spike, indicating atrial pacing with regular pacing and capture. P wave morphology is different from sinus rhythm.

ECG settings: Usual recording paper speed is 25 mm/s and voltage (Y-axis) calibration is 1 cm to 1 mV. Higher speed recordings when needed.

P2Y12 antagonists can be classified into three generations depending whether they are reversible or irreversible inhibitors.

Cardiac involvement in Costello syndrome: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular pulmonary stenosis, atrial arrhythmias (chaotic atrial rhythm/ MAT or EAT).

Hallmark of cardiac amyloidosis is thickening of ventricular walls seen on echocardiography without corresponding higher voltages on electrocardiography.

Clopidogrel resistance: poor metabolizers do not effectively convert it into active form because of low CYP2C19 activity causing a reduced effectiveness.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the receptor for low density lipoprotein (LDL).

SYNTAX score is a scoring system for coronary lesions based on the online calculator available at www.syntaxscore.com.