S100: Biomarker of neurocardiac injury

S100 is a family of calcium-binding proteins with several members [1]. S100B is valid biomarker of brain damage [2]. Other members of S100 family like S100A1 and S100A4 have been implicated in various cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction, myocarditis and cardiac failure [1]. S100 is an early marker of cerebral damage which is released after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. Levels have been correlated with duration of CPB, deep circulatory arrest and aortic cross-clamping. Higher levels have been associated with higher age and number of microemboli, especially during aortic cannulation. Perioperative stroke, delayed awakening and confusion have been associated with increased levels of S100 protein after CPB. Higher levels can also be associated with neuropsychological dysfunction after cardiac surgery [3].

References

1. Zhou Y, Zha Y, Yang Y, Ma T, Li H, Liang J. S100 proteins in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Med. 2023 May 22;29(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s10020-023-00662-1. PMID: 37217870; PMCID: PMC10204201.
2. Kleindienst A, Hesse F, Bullock MR, Buchfelder M. The neurotrophic protein S100B: value as a marker of brain damage and possible therapeutic implications. Prog Brain Res. 2007;161:317-25. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)61022-4. PMID: 17618987.
3. Ali MS, Harmer M, Vaughan R. Serum S100 protein as a marker of cerebral damage during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Aug;85(2):287-98. doi: 10.1093/bja/85.2.287. PMID: 10992840.