Category: Cardiology

Arrhythmias are an important sequelae of post Fontan scenario. Most patients develop sick sinus syndrome. Heart failure is another important sequelae.

In transposition of great arteries (TGA), pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and aorta arises from the right ventricle.

Cardinal features of tetralogy of Fallot are malalignment VSD with an overriding aorta, infundibular pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Surgical procedures in complex CHD is more often a palliation rather than cure, unlike in simple CHDs like ASD, VSD and PDA.

Surgically created shunts in congenital heart disease are usually palliative procedures for complex cyanotic congenital heart diseases.

Ventricular septal defect: 2-D and Doppler echocardiograms

Vegetation on tricuspid valve seen on echocardiography from a modified apical four chamber view.

Parasternal long axis view is usually the first view which is obtained in echocardiography.

Echo showing right ventricle, aorta, left atrium, left ventricle and flail posterior mitral leaflet which points back into the left atrium during systole.

E/A reversal in Doppler echo tracing in left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.