Propafenone Propafenone is a Class Ic drug with targets INa, IKr and IKur currents as well as beta receptors and alpha receptors [1,2]. It can cause PR interval prolongation,
Flecainide Flecainide is a class Ic drug which reduces the peak INa (sodium current), (dV/dt)max, IKr (rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current), IKur (ultrarapid component of the delayed rectifier
Mexiletine – Class Ib (& Id?) Mexiletine is a Class Ib drug. But it has additional effect on late sodium current (INaL), which qualifies for Id inclusion, though
Ivabradine – Class 0 antiarrhythmic agent Ivabradine is a Class 0 antiarrhythmic agent as per the Modernized Classification of Cardiac Antiarrhythmic Drugs [1]. It is a Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic
Antiarrhythmic drug classification Click on the play button for the audio commentary. The popular Vaughan Williams classification was published in 1975 [1]. It is still being used by
Patent ductus arteriosus Ductus arteriosus normally closes by 72 hours after birth. The structure becomes fibrotic later and remains as the ligamentum arteriosum. Endothelium of mature ductus responds
ECG and CXR in ASD ECG in atrial septal defect Atrial fibrillation may be seen in adults. Atrial flutter can occur in ASD, even after repair. Inverted P
Ostium primum ASD and clinical findings of ASD Ostium primum ASD Ostium primum atrial septal defect is part of the AV canal defects. In partial AV canal defect,
ASD overview and secundum ASD Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the commonest congenital heart disease in the adult, barring of course bicuspid aortic valve. ASD being a post
ECG and CXR in ventricular septal defect ECG in ventricular septal defect ECG is normal in a small ventricular septal defect. Large VSD with large left to right