Category: Cardiology

Stroke is more likely because of the potential for R > L shunt in strain phase in PFO. In ASD the shunt is left to right and

Prominent upper lobe vessels in mitral stenosis indicate pulmonary venous hypertension.

Minimal luminal diameter (MLD) at the end of the procedure minus the minimal luminal diameter at the repeat angiogram, generally at 6 months is taken as the late

S3 can occur in MR without left ventricular dysfunction while presence of S3 in AR indicates left ventricular dysfunction.

Sokolow-Lyon criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: S wave in V1 + R wave in lead V5 or V6 > 3.5 mV OR R wave in V5 or V6 > 2.6 mV

Candidates for tissue valve (bioprosthetic) replacement: elderly, females planning pregnancy, following infective endocarditis and right sided valve disease

Cardiovascular contraindications to pregnancy include severe PAH, obstructive valvular lesions, cyanotic CHD and Marfan syndrome with dilated aorta.

Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening situation in which fluid within the pericardial cavity compresses the heart preventing its filling during diastole.

Calcified patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) produces an inverted Y shaped pattern of calcification on x-ray chest PA view.

ECG features suggesting epicardial ablation of VT: Pseudo delta, Intrinsicoid deflection 85 ms or more, R/S complex 121 ms or more, Q waves in lead I and no