Antiarrhythmic drug classification Click on the play button for the audio commentary. The popular Vaughan Williams classification was published in 1975 [1]. It is still being used by
Patent ductus arteriosus Ductus arteriosus normally closes by 72 hours after birth. The structure becomes fibrotic later and remains as the ligamentum arteriosum. Endothelium of mature ductus responds
ECG and CXR in ASD ECG in atrial septal defect Atrial fibrillation may be seen in adults. Atrial flutter can occur in ASD, even after repair. Inverted P
Ostium primum ASD and clinical findings of ASD Ostium primum ASD Ostium primum atrial septal defect is part of the AV canal defects. In partial AV canal defect,
ASD overview and secundum ASD Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the commonest congenital heart disease in the adult, barring of course bicuspid aortic valve. ASD being a post
ECG and CXR in ventricular septal defect ECG in ventricular septal defect ECG is normal in a small ventricular septal defect. Large VSD with large left to right
Ventricular septal defect Ventricular septal defects (VSD) can be divided into perimembranous, muscular, inlet and outlet VSDs, depending on the location. Of these perimembranous VSDs are the commonest.
Congenital heart disease overview Congenital heart disease can be broadly classified into cyanotic and acyanotic. Acyanotic congenital heart disease can be further subdivided into left to right shunts,
Rheumatic pulmonary valve disease Organic rheumatic pulmonary valve disease is extremely rare. It has been reported along with disease of the other valves, like a case of quadrivalve
Rheumatic tricuspid stenosis Rheumatic tricuspid stenosis is often associated with mitral valve disease. As in rheumatic mitral stenosis, there is commissural fusion in rheumatic tricuspid stenosis. Anteroseptal commissure