Estimation of PCWP from E/E’ on Tissue Doppler Imaging Conventionally, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is measured using a catheter in the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure
Elevated prosthetic valve gradients Elevated gradients across prosthetic valves can occur due to various reasons. But before declaring that prosthetic valve gradients are elevated, the usual gradient across
Low gradient severe mitral stenosis Low gradient severe mitral stenosis has been defined as mean transmitral gradient <10 mm Hg in patients with mitral valve area ≤1.5 cm2 [1].
Valvuloarterial impedance (Zva): Global left ventricular afterload in aortic stenosis Valvuloarterial impedance (Zva) is an echocardiographic measure of global left ventricular afterload in aortic stenosis [1]. It accounts
Discordance between various measures of severity of aortic stenosis (AS) is considered as discordant grading of severity of aortic stenosis or simply discordant AS. Severe aortic stenosis has
Phenocopies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, not related to load. It is a genetically transmitted condition. There are several
ePLAR: Echocardiographic Pulmonary to Left Atrial Ratio ePLAR is a simple echocardiographic estimation useful in differentiating pre-capillary from post capillary pulmonary hypertension [1]. ePLAR = TR Vmax/(Mitral E/e’)
Intermittent LBBB and P Mitrale or Tricuspidale? Intermittent left bundle branch block pattern is seen as wide notched QRS complexes with cycle length of 570 ms. Narrower QRS
Chest X-ray after mitral annuloplasty Chest X-ray after mitral annuloplasty shows sternal wires, left atrial enlargement and prominent left atrial appendage (Third mogul sign). Annotated picture is given
Bicuspid aortic valve and eccentricity index The M-mode echocardiogram shows eccentric valve closure in diastole. Systolic opening of the valve is good. Eccentricity index for a bicuspid aortic